蓝粒小麦育种衍生材料染色体的C带检测

本研究应用改良的C-带技术,对供试蓝粒小麦衍生后代11个株系共94个单株进行了分析检测,结果表明:94个单株中有25个单株检测到了长穗偃麦草的4 Ag染色体,导入率为26.60％.本研究结果可为蓝粒小麦育种后代的选育提供理论参考.     

红鲫(♀)×鲤(♂)杂交鱼的胚胎染色体组倍性研究

红鲫属于鲤科、鲤亚科、鲫属,染色体数目为2n=100,核型为22m+34sm+22st+22t;鲤属于鲤科、鲤亚科、鲤属,染色体数目为2n=100,核型为22m+34sm+22st+22t。已有研究表明,红鲫(♀)×鲤(♂)杂交第一代(F₁)和第二代(F₂)为二倍体,F₂能产生染色体数不减数的配子,在第三代(F₃)中形成四倍体鱼。通对F₁和F₃进行胚胎染色体制片,在染色体水平上探讨红鲫和鲤远缘杂交的多倍体发生途径及F₂产生不减数配子的潜能。结果表明,F₁混合胚胎都为二倍性胚胎,没有发现单倍性和多倍性胚胎,但F₃混合胚胎中则有染色体数为100,150,200甚至300的染色体分裂相,推测F₂生殖细胞发生了一次或多次染色体数加倍,产生了二倍性和更高倍性的配子,它们结合形成了不同倍性的F₃胚胎。实验证明双亲基因组大小及核型相似的鲫鲤远缘杂交第一代不发生多倍化,但获得的二倍体杂交后代能产生不减数配子,在F₃中产生多倍体鱼。     

Sex-linked SSR markers in hemp

Hemp is a dioecious plant with sex chromosomes X and Y, the male sex being heterogametic. The quality of the fibre depends on the sex type. The sex chromosomes can be characterized by molecular markers. In this report, sex‐linked simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are described. One SSR marker was polymorphic in both the populations derived from single crosses, two other markers in but one of the two populations. Three alleles were detected for two SSR markers indicating polymorphism not only between X and Y, but also between different X chromosomes. In addition, several sex‐linked RAPD markers were detected in one population. Recombination within the sex chromosomes was observed for nearly all markers.     

Are there heteromorphic sex chromosomes in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)?

Summary Four varieties and two introductions of Spinacia oleracea are cytologically studied in order to determine whether there is a heteromorphic sex chromosome pair in any of the sexes. It is observed that in one and the same preparation, and regardless of the sex of the plants, different cells had homomorphic and heteromorphic condition for chromosome 1 pair. It is concluded that as a result of differential contraction of chromosomes, the arm ratios and total lengths may vary, and give a distorted impression of certain pair of chromosomes. The absence of heteromorphic pair is confirmed in male and intersex plants by meiotic studies.     

Karyotype analysis of interspecific hybrids between Haliotis rufescens and Haliotis discus HANNAI

Evidence of hybridization in Haliotis has been mainly supported by hatchery experiences and collection of wild hybrid abalones among several species from natural populations worldwide. However, despite the importance to understand the role of the hybridization process through Haliotidae evolution, and also its impact on the abalone aquaculture, genetic studies in hybrid abalones have been poorly developed. Herein, cytogenetic approach allows studying the genetic conformation in hybrid organisms at the chromosome level. This paper reports a quantitative karyotype analysis in Haliotis rufescens, Haliotis discus hannai and their interspecific hybrid. Thus, to characterize chromosome pairs and establish cytogenetic comparisons, chromosome banding with distamycin‐A/4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole fluorochromes and morphologic measurements were performed. The results showed that the hybrids are successfully viable and their karyotypes evidenced a conservative chromosome number of 2n=36. The karyo‐idiogram showed a high correspondence in chromosome pair morphology among the hybrids and their parental species, except for a single heteromorphic pair that corresponds to the chromosome 16 from H. rufescens andH. d. hannai respectively. The implications of the abalone hybrid viability derived from its chromosome composition are discussed.     

生物入侵种喜旱莲子草的染色体核型特征

对外来人侵植物喜旱莲子草(Atlernanthera philoxeroides)的染色体核型进行了分析.结果表明,该入侵种的染色体数为2n=96,属六倍体物种,各染色体间形态差异不明显,均为中着丝粒或近中着丝粒染色体,最长与最短染色体相对长度比为2.10,全套染色体未见随体,核型公式为2n=96=60 m+36 sm,核型类型为进化程度较高的2B型.喜旱莲子草的多倍性特征及2B核型为其生物入侵性提供了重要的细胞学证据,文中同时提出不改变基因组DNA序列结构的表观遗传变异可能是喜旱莲子草成功入侵的重要机制.     

基于SSR分子标记的Nicotiana tobacum–N.plumbaginifolia异源染色体植株的鉴定与筛选

以烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)品种云烟87的八倍体(2n=8x=96)和野生烟草N. plumbaginifolia (2n=2x=20)的基因组DNA为模板,对340对烟草SSR引物进行筛选以获得能扩增多态性条带的引物。利用多态性引物对种间杂交后代及190株回交后代的基因组DNA进行扩增,并对N.plumbaginifolia中的SSR标记的连锁情况进行简要分析。经筛选获得了多态性引物29对。结果显示,在190株后代中, 159株的基因组DNA能扩增出N. plumbaginifolia的特异SSR位点,可以判定该159株为N. tabacum的N. plumbaginifolia异源染色体植株,其余31株植株可能不含有N. plumbaginifolia的染色体。经UPGMA聚类分析,本群体中植株的遗传多样性较为丰富,部分分子标记在后代中的出现具有完全相关性。29个标记中14个可确定来源于5条不同染色体,N.plumbaginifolia的29个位点在回交后代中的扩增效率并不相同,且效率均较低(低于31.00%),说明该杂种中N. plumbaginifolia基因组的垂直传递效率较低。利用SSR分子标记可以判定云烟87八倍体与N.plumbaginifolia杂交获得的后代为真杂种,且自该远缘杂种回交后代中筛选获得大量异源染色体植株。这些结果和筛选获得异源染色体植株为进一步创制N.tabacum-N.plumbaginifolia抗黑胫病单体附加系以及易位系奠定了基础。     

绒山羊X染色体7个微卫星标记的遗传连锁图谱的构建

本研究利用内蒙古白绒山羊的7个父系半同胞家系共794个个体,用X染色体上的7个微卫星标记进行了系谱确认,构建了绒山羊X染色体遗传连锁图。结果表明,7个标记的等位基因数变化范围为9～14,杂合度在0.585～0.918之间,平均杂合度为0.726;多态信息含量在0.759～0.897之间,平均多态信息含量为0.834。构建的内蒙古白绒山羊X染色体遗传连锁图总长度139.4 cM,与英国罗斯林研究所公布的SM4.7绵羊连锁图标记顺序一致,可用于下一步的QTL定位研究。     

棉花光子基因N1和n2的遗传分析及染色体定位的分子证据

用棉花显性光子突变体N_1与陆地棉遗传标准系TM-1、海岛棉品种新海7号和海7124杂交,共配制3个F_2分离群体和1个BC_1群体;用隐性光子突变体n_2与TM-1、海岛棉品种新海7号和军海1号杂交,共配制3个F_2分离群体和2个BC_1群体。遗传分析结果表明:显性光子突变体N_1和隐性光子突变体n_2与正常海岛棉、陆地棉品种(系)在光子性状上均存在1对基因的差异,符合单基因遗传模式。用SSR分子标记对显性光子基因N_1进行定位,结果显示,N_1位于染色体A12(Chr.12)上,与目的基因最近的标记是BNL1679,遗传距离为1.9 cM。用SSR分子标记对隐性光子基因n_2进行定位,结果表明:在海×陆种间群体中,n_2基因位于染色体A12上,与n_2基因最近的分子标记是BNL1679,遗传距离为2.7 cM,而在陆×陆种内群体中,n_2基因则位于染色体D12(Chr.26)上。根据遗传分析和分子定位结果,推测隐性光子性状在异源四倍体棉花中可能在部分同源染色体上存在重复基因,导致隐性光子基因n_2在不同类型的分离群体中定位在不同的部分同源染色体上。     

黄褐油葫芦 Teleogryllus derelictus 染色体C-带核型研究

对采自吉林省松花湖库区的黄褐油葫芦Teleogryllus derelictus的染色体C-带核型进行了分析。结果表明：黄褐油葫芦的染色体数目为2n（♂）=26＋XO=27,其中有7对为中部着丝粒染色体,其余为端部着丝粒染色体;染色体组式为2L＋7M＋4S＋X;属“1B”核型;染色体都含有着丝粒带,其中L1～M7及X染色体各具一弱染端带。同时我们也将其与黄脸油葫芦进行了比较分析。